The cancer cell metabolism leads to micronutrient deficiency of micronutrient deficiency, especially in patients with advanced disease. Various studies in patients with malignant tumors revealed the deficit of certain amino acids (glycine, arginine, cysteine, asparagine, lysine, methionine), vitamins (C, E, D, group B), and a number of trace elements (zinc, manganese, selenium). However, the problem of micronutrient deficiency, as well as the necessity of its correction in cancer patients are not widely recognized and poorly implemented by oncologists. The clinical studies in patients with terminal stage of hepatocellular carcinoma have shown that the use of food supplements affecting the micronutrient metabolism (e. g. Oncoxin) can improve appetite, quality of life and well-being. Furthermore, the ability to improve the 2 months overall survival in this group of patients by using of Oncoxin was demonstrated. Thus, the rational correction of micronutrient deficiency can have a positive effect on the general condition of patients and treatment results.

The article presents the review of the literature on the study of urothelial tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter. According to the literature established epidemiological features, risk factors for urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract, in particular the influence of aristolochic acid in the development of Taiwan and the Balkan nephropathy, a TNM classification of urothelial cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, principles of diagnosis and clinical features of urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract.

Metastatic colorectal cancer is a serious medical and social problem. Development of new treatment approaches, drugs, especially targeted drugs, leads to the instantly increasing of survival in this disease. Regorafenib is recently approved for use in advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. This drug significantly improves treatment results with acceptable safety profile. In this review results of large controlled studies of regorafenib in colorectal cancer are discussed. Data on overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate and safety profile are consecutively evaluated.

The prospect of effective immunotherapies for the treatment of patients with cancer is now becoming a clinical reality. A basic understanding of interaction between the tumor and the immune system, immune regulation pathways, mechanisms of escape from immune control allows to identify and implement new therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. This review provides a modern view on the formation of anti-tumor immunity. The role of the key players are discussed – the components of innate and adaptive immunity, the mechanisms of the immune response and their features.

Breast cancer ranks first among all cancers in women in the world. Despite the great achievements of complex treatment, there is a category of patients is not sensitive to drug therapy. One of the reasons for the lack of effect of drug therapy in patients with breast cancer may be multi-drug resistance. The article presents the experience of the use of the marker of multidrug resistance Pgp, as a predictive factor for the effectiveness of the proposed chemotherapy.

The breast cancer takes the leading position among all women cancers in the world and the Russian Federation. Despite great advances in treatment, unfortunately, distant metastasis of breast cancer may develop in patients at early stages of disease. This phenomenon can be explained by the new theory of tumor stem cells, capable of an unlimited period of time to share and support the development of a primary tumor. This review presents the concept of tumor stem cells, their clinical and prognostic significance in the breast cancer pathogenesis, the impact on the development of resistance to cytotoxic drugs and prospects for new and effective strategies and approaches to systemic anticancer therapy for breast cancer.

Aims: to explore the prognostic and practical utilit y of several internationally validated hepatocellular cancer (HCC) staging systems for Russian patient’s cohor t.
Methods: retrospective trial of 380 HCC cases referred to Russian Cancer Research center n. a.N.N.Blokhin from Jan 2006 till Dec 2015.
Results: median follow-up duration was 16,5 months. All HCC staging systems showed statistical significance for prognosis by univariate analysis: TNM/AJCC (p<0,0001; HR1,294; 95% CI 1,207–1,398); BCLC (p<0,0001; HR1,782; 95% CI 1,518–2,093); CLIP (p<0,0001; HR1,777; 95% CI 1,565–2,017); CUPI (p<0,0001; HR2,537; 95% CI 1,985–3,234). Significant sur vival difference was found across groups of early and late TNM/AJCC stages only. At multivariate analysis, prognosis was independently predicted by CUPI (HR1,512, р=0,004), CLIP (HR1,392, р<0,0001) and BCLC (HR1,337, р=0,001) for Russian patient’s cohort.
Conclusions: the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system was shown to have excellent discrimination of survival in patients with HCC and had a practically meaningful for Russian HCC patient’s cohort staging. BCLC staging and Child-Pugh-driven liver function assessment have to be obligatory supplement to TNM/AJCC in HCC diagnosis.

Today one of the discussed issues of surgical treatment of primary operable breast cancer is the appropriateness of performing lymphadenectomy in different volumes. Conducting mammographic screening increases the proportion of patients with minimal breast cancer in which a standard lymphadenectomy in the majority of cases is excessive and crippling procedure. We have analyzed the results of several multicenter studies, which in our opinion have changed the attitude of clinicians to the advisability and scope of lymphadenectomy.

The aim of the treatment of advanced breast cancer, in addition to increasing of overall survival and increasing of the duration of remission, is to improve the quality of life of such patients. To date, the determining factor in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer is a biological type of the tumor, and the approach to the choice of chemotherapy should be individualized taking into account many factors, including the duration of progression-free survival, already provided treatment, the biology of the tumor, presence of visceral metastases, the nature of comorbidity and the patient’s wishes. All these factors need to be considered when discussing the options for subsequent chemotherapy in patients with disease progression after anthracyclines and/or taxanes.

Today, the colorectal cancer is one of the most actual problem in contemporary oncology. Every Year determened nearly 1.5 million new cases of CRC and half of them have died. The treatment results nowadays still controversial. A young patients have 5% risk of colorectal cancer. The combination of embryological disorders of internal organs with early CRC is not well described in the literature. Case – match analysis of combination CRC in young people with embryological disorders of internal organs is very interesting oncological problem.