<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Malignant tumours</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Malignant tumours</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2224-5057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6813</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rosoncoweb</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18027/2224-5057-2020-10-41-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tumors-708</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ СЛУЧАИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL NOTES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение ниволумаба при раке толстой кишки с синдромом Линча. Клиническое наблюдение</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Use of Nivolumab in Colorectal Cancer with Lynch Syndrome. A Case Report</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимова</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimova</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гулноз Г. Хакимова, аспирант онкологического отделения лекарственных методов лечения (химиотерапевтическое) № 3</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulnoz G. Khakimova, postgraduate student, Department of Drug Therapy in Oncology (Department of Chemotherapy) No. 3</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hgg_doc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трякин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tryakin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей А. Трякин, д. м. н., главный научный сотрудник отделения клинической фармакологии и химиотерапии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Tryakin, MD, PhD, DSc, Senior Researcher, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Chemotherapy</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимов</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голиб А. Хакимов, д. м. н., проф., директор Ташкентского городского филиала Республиканского специализированного научно-практического центра, заведующий курсом онкологии кафедры хирургии Ташкентского педиатрического медицинского института</p><p>Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Golib A. Khakimov, MD, PhD, DSc, Prof, Director, Tashkent City Branch, Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Centre, Head, Oncology Course, Department of Surgery</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России; ГБУЗ «Московский Клинический Научный Центр им. А. С. Логинова» ДЗМ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology; Moscow Clinical Research Centre named after A. S. Loginov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ташкентский педиатрический медицинский институт; Республиканский специализированный Научно-практический Медицинский Центр Онкологии и Радиологии</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute; Republican specialized Scientific and practical Medical Center of Oncology and Radiology</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хакимова Г.Г., Трякин А.А., Хакимов Г.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хакимова Г.Г., Трякин А.А., Хакимов Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khakimova G.G., Tryakin A.A., Khakimov G.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/708">https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/708</self-uri><abstract><p>Синдром Линча (СЛ), возникающий в результате нарушений репарации неспаренных оснований ДНК, характеризуется повышенным риском развития рака толстой кишки, эндометрия и мочевыводящих путей. Независимо от типа опухоли, иммунотерапия ингибиторами контрольных точек (ИКТ) была одобрена для лечения пациентов с неоперабельными или метастатическими опухолями с нарушением системы репарации ДНК (dMMR), что может быть опцией для лечения пациентов с СЛ. В статье описывается клиническое наблюдение пациентки с герминальной мутацией MLH1 и с первично-множественными злокачественными образованиями ободочной кишки, получавшей лечение ниволумабом в течение 26 месяцев. Это наблюдение демонстрирует успех иммунотерапии после 6 линий химиотерапии, подразумевая потенциальный контроль опухолевого роста у пациентов с СЛ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Lynch syndrome (LS) resulting from the abnormal repair of unpaired DNA bases is characterized by an increased risk of colorectal, endometrial, and urinary tract cancers. Regardless of the tumor type, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been approved for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic DNA mismatch repair‑ deficient (dMMR) tumors, which may present a treatment option for patients with LS. The article contains a case report of a female patient with a germline MLH1 mutation and multiple primary colonic malignancies treated with nivolumab for 26 months. This observation demonstrates the success of immunotherapy after 6 lines of chemotherapy, implying potential control of tumor growth in patients with LS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>рак толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>микросателлитная нестабильность</kwd><kwd>анти - PD-1 - моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>ниволумаб</kwd><kwd>пембролизумаб</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>colon cancer</kwd><kwd>microsatellite instability</kwd><kwd>anti ‑PD ‑1 monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>nivolumab</kwd><kwd>pembrolizumab</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burt R. Inheritance of colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 2007;4 (4): 293 – 300. DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.05.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burt R. Inheritance of colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 2007;4 (4): 293 – 300. DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.05.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: genetic testing strategies in newly diagnosed individuals with colorectal cancer aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome in relatives. Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. GenetMed2009;11 (1):35 – 41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: genetic testing strategies in newly diagnosed individuals with colorectal cancer aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome in relatives. Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) Working Group. GenetMed2009;11 (1):35 – 41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurgelun M. B., Kulke M. H., Fuchs C. S. et al. Cancer susceptibility gene mutations in individuals with colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 2017;35 (10):1086 – 95. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.0012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yurgelun M. B., Kulke M. H., Fuchs C. S. et al. Cancer susceptibility gene mutations in individuals with colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 2017;35 (10):1086 – 95. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.0012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch HT, Snyder CL, Shaw TG, Heinen CD and Hitchins MP: Milestones of Lynch syndrome: 1895 – 2015. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:181 – 194. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch HT, Snyder CL, Shaw TG, Heinen CD and Hitchins MP: Milestones of Lynch syndrome: 1895 – 2015. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:181 – 194. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Colon Cancer. Version 2.2019. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Colon Cancer. Version 2.2019. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.accessdata.fda.gov</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">www.accessdata.fda.gov</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinicrope FA, Sargent DJ. Clin Cancer Res. 2012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinicrope FA, Sargent DJ. Clin Cancer Res. 2012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valle L, Vilar E, Tavtigian SV, Stoffel EM. Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer: syndromes, genes, classification of genetic variants and implications for precision medicine. J Pathol. 2019;247 (5):574–588. doi:10.1002/path.5229</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valle L, Vilar E, Tavtigian SV, Stoffel EM. Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer: syndromes, genes, classification of genetic variants and implications for precision medicine. J Pathol. 2019;247 (5):574–588. doi:10.1002/path.5229</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carethers J. M., Stoffel E. M. Lynch syndrome and Lynch syndrome mimics: the growing complex landscape of hereditary colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21 (31):9253 – 61. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carethers J. M., Stoffel E. M. Lynch syndrome and Lynch syndrome mimics: the growing complex landscape of hereditary colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21 (31):9253 – 61. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warthin AS. Hereditary with reference to carcinoma. Arch Intern Med (chic). 1913. 10.1001/archinte.1913.00070050063006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warthin AS. Hereditary with reference to carcinoma. Arch Intern Med (chic). 1913. 10.1001/archinte.1913.00070050063006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra012242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra012242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch HT. Natural history of colorectal cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II) Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:439 – 444. doi: 10.1007/BF02552613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch HT. Natural history of colorectal cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II) Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:439 – 444. doi: 10.1007/BF02552613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasen HF. Screening for hereditary non‑polyposis colorectal cancer: a study of 22 kindreds in the Netherlands. Am J Med. 1989;86:278 – 281. doi: 10.1016/0002–9343(89)90296–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasen HF. Screening for hereditary non‑polyposis colorectal cancer: a study of 22 kindreds in the Netherlands. Am J Med. 1989;86:278 – 281. doi: 10.1016/0002–9343(89)90296–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasen HF. The international collaborative group on hereditary non polyposis colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC) Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:424 – 425. doi: 10.1007/BF02053699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasen HF. The international collaborative group on hereditary non polyposis colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC) Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:424 – 425. doi: 10.1007/BF02053699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch HT. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II). II Biomarker studies. Cancer. 1985;56:939 – 951. doi: 10.1002/1097–0142(19850815)56:4&lt;939::AID–CNCR2820560440&gt;3.0.CO;2‑T.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch HT. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II). II Biomarker studies. Cancer. 1985;56:939 – 951. doi: 10.1002/1097–0142(19850815)56:4&lt;939::AID–CNCR2820560440&gt;3.0.CO;2‑T.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasen HF. Guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (hereditary non‑polyposis cancer) J Med Genet. 2007;44:353 – 362. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.048991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasen HF. Guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (hereditary non‑polyposis cancer) J Med Genet. 2007;44:353 – 362. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.048991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kastrinos F. Phenotype comparison of MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers in a cohort of 1,914 individuals undergoing clinical genetic testing in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2008. doi: 10.1158/1055–9965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kastrinos F. Phenotype comparison of MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers in a cohort of 1,914 individuals undergoing clinical genetic testing in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2008. doi: 10.1158/1055–9965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson P. Extracolonic cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer. 1993;71:677 – 685. doi: 10.1002/1097–0142(19930201)71:3&lt;677::AID–CNCR2820710305&gt;3.0.CO;2‑#.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson P. Extracolonic cancer in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer. 1993;71:677 – 685. doi: 10.1002/1097–0142(19930201)71:3&lt;677::AID–CNCR2820710305&gt;3.0.CO;2‑#.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD‑1 blockade.. Science 2017; 357: 409 – 413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD‑1 blockade.. Science 2017; 357: 409 – 413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venderbosch S, Nagtegaal ID, Maughan TS et al. Mismatch repair statusand BRAF mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: apooled analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS studies. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20 (20): 5322 – 5330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venderbosch S, Nagtegaal ID, Maughan TS et al. Mismatch repair statusand BRAF mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: apooled analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS studies. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20 (20): 5322 – 5330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taieb J, Shi Q, Pederson L, et al. Prognosis of microsatellite instability and / or mismatch repair deficiency stage III colon cancer patients after disease recurrence following adjuvant treatment: results of an accent pooled analysis of 7 studies. Ann Oncol. 2019 Jul 3. pii: mdz208. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz208. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taieb J, Shi Q, Pederson L, et al. Prognosis of microsatellite instability and / or mismatch repair deficiency stage III colon cancer patients after disease recurrence following adjuvant treatment: results of an accent pooled analysis of 7 studies. Ann Oncol. 2019 Jul 3. pii: mdz208. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz208. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Innocenti F, Ou FS, Qu X, et al. Mutational Analysis of Patients With Colorectal Cancer in CALGB / SWOG 80405 Identifies New Roles of Microsatellite Instability and Tumor Mutational Burden for Patient Outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37 (14):1217 – 1227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Innocenti F, Ou FS, Qu X, et al. Mutational Analysis of Patients With Colorectal Cancer in CALGB / SWOG 80405 Identifies New Roles of Microsatellite Instability and Tumor Mutational Burden for Patient Outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37 (14):1217 – 1227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin J, Kong D. Mutation of hMSH3 and hMSH6 mismatch repair genes in genetically unstable human colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Hum Mutat. 1997. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098–1004(1997)10:6&lt;474::AID-HUMU9&gt;3.0.CO;2‑D.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin J, Kong D. Mutation of hMSH3 and hMSH6 mismatch repair genes in genetically unstable human colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Hum Mutat. 1997. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098–1004(1997)10:6&lt;474::AID-HUMU9&gt;3.0.CO;2‑D.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu B. hMSH2 mutations in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 1994;54:4590 – 4594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu B. hMSH2 mutations in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 1994;54:4590 – 4594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han HJ. Genomic structure of human mismatch repair gene, hMLH1, and its mutation analysis in patients with hereditary non‑ polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) Hum Mol Genet. 1995;4:237 – 242. doi: 10.1093/hmg/4.2.237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han HJ. Genomic structure of human mismatch repair gene, hMLH1, and its mutation analysis in patients with hereditary non‑ polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) Hum Mol Genet. 1995;4:237 – 242. doi: 10.1093/hmg/4.2.237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wijnen J, Khan PM. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families not complying with the Amsterdam criteria show extremely low frequency of mismatch‑repair‑gene mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 1997. doi: 10.1086/514847. [PMC free article] [PubMed]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wijnen J, Khan PM. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families not complying with the Amsterdam criteria show extremely low frequency of mismatch‑repair‑gene mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 1997. doi: 10.1086/514847. [PMC free article] [PubMed]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_colon.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_colon.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tiwari A. K., Roy H. K., Lynch H. T. Lynch syndrome in the 21st century: clinical perspectives. QJM 2016;109 (3):151 – 8. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiwari A. K., Roy H. K., Lynch H. T. Lynch syndrome in the 21st century: clinical perspectives. QJM 2016;109 (3):151 – 8. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lichtenstein P., Holm N. V., Verkasalo P. K. et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. Analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Engl J Med 2000;343 (2):78 – 85. DOI: 10.1016/S0039–6257(00)00165‑X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lichtenstein P., Holm N. V., Verkasalo P. K. et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer. Analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Engl J Med 2000;343 (2):78 – 85. DOI: 10.1016/S0039–6257(00)00165‑X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurgelun M. B., Kastrinos F. Tumor testing for microsatellite instability to identify Lynch syndrome: new insights into an old diagnostic strategy. J Clin Oncol 2019;37 (4):263 – 5. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.18.01664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yurgelun M. B., Kastrinos F. Tumor testing for microsatellite instability to identify Lynch syndrome: new insights into an old diagnostic strategy. J Clin Oncol 2019;37 (4):263 – 5. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.18.01664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonadona V., Bonaïti B., Olschwang S. et al. Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in Lynch syndrome. JAMA 2011;305 (22): 2304 – 10. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonadona V., Bonaïti B., Olschwang S. et al. Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in Lynch syndrome. JAMA 2011;305 (22): 2304 – 10. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Møller P., Seppälä T., Bernstein I. et al. Cancer incidence and survival in Lynch syndrome patients receiving colonoscopic and gynaecological surveillance: first report from the prospective Lynch syn‑ drome database. Gut 2017;66 (3):464 – 72. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Møller P., Seppälä T., Bernstein I. et al. Cancer incidence and survival in Lynch syndrome patients receiving colonoscopic and gynaecological surveillance: first report from the prospective Lynch syn‑ drome database. Gut 2017;66 (3):464 – 72. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309675.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joost P., Therkildsen C., Dominguez‑ Valentin M. et al. Urinary tract cancer in Lynch syndrome; increased risk in carriers of MSH2 mutations. Urology 2015;86 (6):1212 – 7. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.08.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joost P., Therkildsen C., Dominguez‑ Valentin M. et al. Urinary tract cancer in Lynch syndrome; increased risk in carriers of MSH2 mutations. Urology 2015;86 (6):1212 – 7. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.08.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kastrinos F., Mukherjee B., Tayob N. et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. JAMA 2009;302 (16): 1790 – 5. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kastrinos F., Mukherjee B., Tayob N. et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. JAMA 2009;302 (16): 1790 – 5. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1529.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senter L., Clendenning M., Sotamaa K. et al. The clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome due to germ‑line PMS2 mutations. Gastroenterology 2008;135 (2):419 – 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senter L., Clendenning M., Sotamaa K. et al. The clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome due to germ‑line PMS2 mutations. Gastroenterology 2008;135 (2):419 – 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, Skora AD, Luber BS, Azad NS, Laheru D, et al: PD‑1 blockade in tumors with mismatch‑repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 372:2509 – 2520. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, Skora AD, Luber BS, Azad NS, Laheru D, et al: PD‑1 blockade in tumors with mismatch‑repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 372:2509 – 2520. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Study of Pembrolizumab (MK‑3475) as Monotherapy in Participants With Previously‑Treated Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (MK‑3475 – 164 / KEYNOTE ‑164). Электронный ресурс: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02460198, дата обращения 22.09.2018, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Study of Pembrolizumab (MK‑3475) as Monotherapy in Participants With Previously‑Treated Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (MK‑3475 – 164 / KEYNOTE ‑164). Электронный ресурс: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02460198, дата обращения 22.09.2018, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Study of Pembrolizumab (MK‑3475) vs Standard Therapy in Participants With Microsatellite Instability‑High (MSI-H) or Mismatch Repair Deficient (dMMR) Stage IV Colorectal Carcinoma (MK‑3475 – 177 / KEYNOTE‑177). Электронный ресурс: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02563002, дата обращения 22.09.2018, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Study of Pembrolizumab (MK‑3475) vs Standard Therapy in Participants With Microsatellite Instability‑High (MSI-H) or Mismatch Repair Deficient (dMMR) Stage IV Colorectal Carcinoma (MK‑3475 – 177 / KEYNOTE‑177). Электронный ресурс: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02563002, дата обращения 22.09.2018, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трякин А. А., Федянин М. Ю., Цуканов А. С., Шелыгин Ю. А., Покатаев И. А. и др. Микросателлитная нестабильность как уникальная характеристика опухолей и предиктор эффективности иммунотерапии. 2019; 9 (4)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Трякин А. А., Федянин М. Ю., Цуканов А. С., Шелыгин Ю. А., Покатаев И. А. и др. Микросателлитная нестабильность как уникальная характеристика опухолей и предиктор эффективности иммунотерапии. 2019; 9 (4)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson R. H., Kuntz S. M., Leibovich B. C. et al. Tumor B7‑H1 is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma patients with long‑termfollow‑up. Cancer Res 2006;66 (7):3381 – 5. DOI: 10.1158/0008–5472.CAN-05–4303. PMID: 16585157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson R. H., Kuntz S. M., Leibovich B. C. et al. Tumor B7‑H1 is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma patients with long‑termfollow‑up. Cancer Res 2006;66 (7):3381 – 5. DOI: 10.1158/0008–5472.CAN-05–4303. PMID: 16585157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, et al. PD‑1 blockade in tumors with mismatch‑repair deficiency.. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2509 – 2520.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, et al. PD‑1 blockade in tumors with mismatch‑repair deficiency.. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2509 – 2520.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eng C, Kim TW, Bendell J, et al. Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open‑label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20 (6):849 – 861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eng C, Kim TW, Bendell J, et al. Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open‑label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20 (6):849 – 861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Overman MJ, Lonardi S, KYM W, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repairdeficient / microsatellite instability‑high metastatic colorectal cancer.. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36 (8):773 – 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Overman MJ, Lonardi S, KYM W, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repairdeficient / microsatellite instability‑high metastatic colorectal cancer.. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36 (8):773 – 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H-J J Lenz, E Van Cutsem, M L Limon, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab (NIVO) plus low‑dose ipilimumab (IPI) as first‑line therapy in microsatellite instability‑high / mismatch repair deficient (MSI-H / dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Ann Oncol, 2018, 29 (8), mdy424.019, https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy424.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H-J J Lenz, E Van Cutsem, M L Limon, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab (NIVO) plus low‑dose ipilimumab (IPI) as first‑line therapy in microsatellite instability‑high / mismatch repair deficient (MSI-H / dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Ann Oncol, 2018, 29 (8), mdy424.019, https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy424.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalabi M, Fanchi LF, Van den Berg JG, et al. Neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in early stage colon cancer. Ann Oncol. 2018;29 (suppl 8):abstr LBA37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalabi M, Fanchi LF, Van den Berg JG, et al. Neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in early stage colon cancer. Ann Oncol. 2018;29 (suppl 8):abstr LBA37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor Mutational Burden and Response Rate to PD‑1 Inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 21;377 (25):2500 – 2501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor Mutational Burden and Response Rate to PD‑1 Inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 21;377 (25):2500 – 2501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samstein R, Lee CH, Shoushtari A, et al. Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types. Nature Genetics, 2019,51:202 – 206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samstein R, Lee CH, Shoushtari A, et al. Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types. Nature Genetics, 2019,51:202 – 206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schrock AB, Ouyang C, Sandhu J, et al. Tumor mutational burden is predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in MSI‑high metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019 Apr 30. pii: mdz134. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrock AB, Ouyang C, Sandhu J, et al. Tumor mutational burden is predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in MSI‑high metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019 Apr 30. pii: mdz134. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdz134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
