<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Malignant tumours</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Malignant tumours</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2224-5057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6813</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rosoncoweb</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18027/2224-5057-2018-8-3-13-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tumors-558</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И АНАЛИТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND ANALYSIS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>НИЗКОДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННЫЕ НЕЙРОЭНДОКРИННЫЕ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА И ПОДЖЕЛУДОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ. ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ, ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>HIGH-GRADE GASTROENTEROPANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS. MODERN CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коломейцева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolomeytseva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алина А. Коломейцева, к. м. н., с. н. с. отделения химиотерапии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina A. Kolomeytseva, MD, PhD Med, Senior Researcher, Chemotherapy Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">almed2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вера А. Горбунова, д. м. н., проф., в. н. с. отделения химиотерапии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vera A. Gorbunova, MD, DSc Med, Professor, Leading Researcher, Chemotherapy Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veragorbounova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орел</surname><given-names>H. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orel</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Надежда Ф. Орел, д. м. н., проф. кафедры онкологии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda F. Orel, MD, DSc Med, Professor, Oncology Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">orel.nad@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емельянова</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelianova</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина С. Емельянова, к. м. н., ассистент кафедры онкологии, факультет дополнительного профессионального образования.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina S. Emelianova, MD, PhD Med, Assistant, Oncology Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ocgalina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей М. Иванов, аспирант отделения химиотерапии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey M. Ivanov, Postgraduate student, Chemotherapy Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doc-ivanov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинцова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Odintsova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия С. Одинцова, к. м. н., врач-онколог отделения химиотерапии НИИ клинической онкологии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia S. Odintsova, MD, PhD Med, Oncologist, Chemotherapy Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">odincova.anastas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Феденко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр А. Феденко, д. м. н., зав. отделением химиотерапии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Fedenko, MD. DSc Med, Head of the Chemotherapy Department.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fedenko@eesg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н. Н. Блохина» Министерства здравоохранения РФ.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения РФ.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медикостоматологический университет имени А. И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коломейцева А.А., Горбунова В.А., Орел H.Ф., Емельянова Г.С., Иванов А.М., Одинцова А.С., Феденко А.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коломейцева А.А., Горбунова В.А., Орел H.Ф., Емельянова Г.С., Иванов А.М., Одинцова А.С., Феденко А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolomeytseva A.A., Gorbunova V.A., Orel N.F., Emelianova G.S., Ivanov A.M., Odintsova A.S., Fedenko A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/558">https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/558</self-uri><abstract><p>Низкодифференцированные нейроэндокринные новообразования (НЭН) желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) и поджелудочной железы (ПЖ) – гетерогенная группа редких злокачественных опухолей, большинство из которых характеризуются агрессивным течением, склонностью к быстрому метастазированию и неблагоприятным прогнозом даже при локализованных стадиях болезни. В 2017 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) внесла уточнения в классификацию НЭН поджелудочной железы, выделив в самостоятельную группу высокодифференцированные панкреатические НЭО G3 (панНЭО G3) с индексом пролиферативной активности Ki‑67&gt;20%. Верхний пороговый уровень Ki‑67 в этой группе точно не установлен. Обычно он составляет 55%. Низкодифференцированные панкреатические НЭН высокой степени злокачественности определены термином «панкреатический нейроэндокринный рак» (панНЭР G3). Несмотря на то что категория НЭО G3 официально принята только для панкреатических НЭН, многие специалисты по лечению НЭО применяют этот термин для всех высокодифференцированных НЭО ЖКТ и ПЖ с индексом пролиферации Ki‑67 в диапазоне с 20 до 55%. Клиническое поведение и терапевтические подходы при распространенных НЭО G3 и НЭР G3 ЖКТ и ПЖ отличаются. Основой лечения НЭР является химиотерапия комбинацией цитостатических препаратов этопозида и производных платины. Во второй линии могут использоваться режимы на основе иринотекана, оксалиплатина, фторпиримидинов, темозоломида. Режимы химиотерапии на основе темозоломида, а также таргетная терапия являются более предпочтительными в качестве первой линии терапии для больных высокодифференцированными НЭО G3. Применение платиносодержащих режимов химиотерапии оправдано в случае неэффективности предшествующей терапии. Дальнейшие клинические исследования с включением большего количества пациентов позволят определить оптимальную тактику лечения этой категории больных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Poorly differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP NENs) are rare malignancies, most of which are characterized by aggressiveness, a tendency to rapid metastasis and an unfavorable prognosis even when localized. In 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) updated classification of GEP NENs and recognized the category of well-differentiated pancreatic NET G3, associated with Ki‑67 index usually over 20%. The upper level of Ki‑67 is not defined. Usually it is 55%. Highgrade poorly differentiated pancreatic NENs are defined as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (panNECs). Although the NET G3 category is recognized for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms only, many specialists consider it reasonable to apply this term to all well-differentiated GEP NETs with Ki‑67 index in the 20 to 55 percent range. Clinical behavior and therapeutic approaches for advanced GEP NECs and NETs G3 are different. Standard palliative chemotherapy for GEP NECs consists of cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. The second-line regimens include irinotecan-, oxaliplatin, fluoropyrimidine- and temozolomide-based regimens. Temozolomide-based chemotherapy regimens, as well as targeted therapy are more preferable as first line therapy for patients with NETs G3. The platinum-based chemotherapy regimens are considered at the time of disease progression. Further clinical studies with the inclusion of much more patients will determine the optimal treatment strategy for this category of patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроэндокринные новообразования</kwd><kwd>нейроэндокринные опухоли G3</kwd><kwd>нейроэндокринный рак</kwd><kwd>индекс пролиферативной активности Ki67</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroendocrine neoplasms</kwd><kwd>neuroendocrine tumors G3</kwd><kwd>neuroendocrine carcinoma</kwd><kwd>proliferative index Ki67</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korse C. M., Taal B. G., van Velthuysen M. L., Visser O. Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine tumours in the Netherlands according to histological grade: experience of two decades of cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 49. P. 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korse C. M., Taal B. G., van Velthuysen M. L., Visser O. Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine tumours in the Netherlands according to histological grade: experience of two decades of cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 49. P. 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang H., O’Connell J.B., Leonardi M. J. et al. Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review. Int. J. Colorectal. Dis. 2007. Vol. 22. P. 183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang H., O’Connell J.B., Leonardi M. J. et al. Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review. Int. J. Colorectal. Dis. 2007. Vol. 22. P. 183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нейроэндокринные опухоли. Общие принципы диагностики и лечения / Под ред. проф. В. А. Горбуновой. Москва, 2015. 34 с. [Neiroendokrinnye opukholi. Obshchie printsipy diagnostiki i lecheniya. (Neuroendocrine tumors. General principles of diagnosis and treatment). ed. V. A. Gorbunova. Moscow, 2015. 34 p. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Нейроэндокринные опухоли. Общие принципы диагностики и лечения / Под ред. проф. В. А. Горбуновой. Москва, 2015. 34 с. [Neiroendokrinnye opukholi. Obshchie printsipy diagnostiki i lecheniya. (Neuroendocrine tumors. General principles of diagnosis and treatment). ed. V. A. Gorbunova. Moscow, 2015. 34 p. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jann H., Roll S., Couvelard A. et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of midgut and hindgut origin: tumor-node-metastasis classification determines clinical outcome. Cancer. 2011. Vol. 117. P. 3332–3341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jann H., Roll S., Couvelard A. et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of midgut and hindgut origin: tumor-node-metastasis classification determines clinical outcome. Cancer. 2011. Vol. 117. P. 3332–3341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">La Rosa S., Inzani F., Vanoli A. et al. Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum. Pathol. 2011. Vol. 42. P. 1373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">La Rosa S., Inzani F., Vanoli A. et al. Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum. Pathol. 2011. Vol. 42. P. 1373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strosberg J. R., Cheema A., Weber J. et al. Prognostic validity of a novel American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011. Vol. 29. P. 3044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strosberg J. R., Cheema A., Weber J. et al. Prognostic validity of a novel American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011. Vol. 29. P. 3044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolcetta-Capuzzo A., Villa V., Albarello L. et al. Gastroenteric neuroendocrine neoplasms classification: comparison of prognostic models. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 119. P. 36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolcetta-Capuzzo A., Villa V., Albarello L. et al. Gastroenteric neuroendocrine neoplasms classification: comparison of prognostic models. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 119. P. 36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strosberg J. R., Weber J. M., Feldman M. et al. Prognostic validity of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification for midgut neuroendocrine tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 31. P. 420</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strosberg J. R., Weber J. M., Feldman M. et al. Prognostic validity of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification for midgut neuroendocrine tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 31. P. 420</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">La Rosa S., Sessa F., Uccella S. Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasms (MiNENs): Unifying the Concept of a Heterogeneous Group of Neoplasms. Endocr. Pathol. 2016. Vol. 27. P. 284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">La Rosa S., Sessa F., Uccella S. Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasms (MiNENs): Unifying the Concept of a Heterogeneous Group of Neoplasms. Endocr. Pathol. 2016. Vol. 27. P. 284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rindi G., Arnold R., Bosman F. T. et al. Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: WHO Classification Tumours of the Digestive System, 4th ed, Bosman T. F., Carneiro F., Hruban R. H., Theise N. D. (Eds). Lyon, International Agency for Reseach on Cancer (IARC), 2010. P. 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rindi G., Arnold R., Bosman F. T. et al. Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: WHO Classification Tumours of the Digestive System, 4th ed, Bosman T. F., Carneiro F., Hruban R. H., Theise N. D. (Eds). Lyon, International Agency for Reseach on Cancer (IARC), 2010. P. 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scoazec J. Y., Couvelard A., Monges G. et al. Well-differentiated grade 3 digestive neuroendocrine tumors: myth or reality? The PRONET Study Group (abstract). J. Clin. Oncol. 2012. Vol. 30. P. 4129. Available at: http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/100442–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scoazec J. Y., Couvelard A., Monges G. et al. Well-differentiated grade 3 digestive neuroendocrine tumors: myth or reality? The PRONET Study Group (abstract). J. Clin. Oncol. 2012. Vol. 30. P. 4129. Available at: http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/100442–114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heetfeld M., Chougnet C. N., Olsen I. H. et al. Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2015. Vol. 22. P. 657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heetfeld M., Chougnet C. N., Olsen I. H. et al. Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2015. Vol. 22. P. 657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coriat R., Walter T., Terris B. et al. Gastroenteropancreatic Well-Differentiated Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review and Position Statement. Oncologist. 2016. Vol. 21. P. 1191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coriat R., Walter T., Terris B. et al. Gastroenteropancreatic Well-Differentiated Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review and Position Statement. Oncologist. 2016. Vol. 21. P. 1191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Делекторская В. В. Нэйроэндокриные новообразования поджелудочной железы: новые аспекты морфологической классификации (всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2017) // Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2017. № 3(4). С. 104–108. [Delektorskaya V. V. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: new aspects of morphological classification (World Health Organization, 2017). Advances in molecular oncology. 2017. Vol. 3(4). P. 104–108 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Делекторская В. В. Нэйроэндокриные новообразования поджелудочной железы: новые аспекты морфологической классификации (всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2017) // Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2017. № 3(4). С. 104–108. [Delektorskaya V. V. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: new aspects of morphological classification (World Health Organization, 2017). Advances in molecular oncology. 2017. Vol. 3(4). P. 104–108 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scoazec J. Y., Couvelard A., Monges G. et al. Professional Practices and Diagnostic Issues in Neuroendocrine Tumour Pathology: Results of a Prospective One-Year Survey Among French Pathologists (the PRONET Study). Neuroendocrinology. 2017. Vol. 105(1). P. 67–76. Epub 2016 Jul 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scoazec J. Y., Couvelard A., Monges G. et al. Professional Practices and Diagnostic Issues in Neuroendocrine Tumour Pathology: Results of a Prospective One-Year Survey Among French Pathologists (the PRONET Study). Neuroendocrinology. 2017. Vol. 105(1). P. 67–76. Epub 2016 Jul 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korse C. M., Taal B. G., van Velthuysen M. L., Visser O. Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine tumours in the Netherlands according to histological grade: experience of two decades of cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 49. P. 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korse C. M., Taal B. G., van Velthuysen M. L., Visser O. Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine tumours in the Netherlands according to histological grade: experience of two decades of cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 49. P. 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walenkamp A. M., Sonke G. S., Sleijfer D. T. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2009. Vol. 35. P. 228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walenkamp A. M., Sonke G. S., Sleijfer D. T. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2009. Vol. 35. P. 228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brennan S. M., Gregory D. L., Stillie A. et al. Should extrapulmonary small cell cancer be managed like small cell lung cancer? Cancer. 2010. Vol. 116. P. 888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brennan S. M., Gregory D. L., Stillie A. et al. Should extrapulmonary small cell cancer be managed like small cell lung cancer? Cancer. 2010. Vol. 116. P. 888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terashima T., Morizane C., Hiraoka N. et al. Comparison of chemotherapeutic treatment outcomes of advanced extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas and advanced small-cell lung carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology. 2012. Vol. 96(4). P. 324–332. Epub 2012 Aug 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terashima T., Morizane C., Hiraoka N. et al. Comparison of chemotherapeutic treatment outcomes of advanced extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas and advanced small-cell lung carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology. 2012. Vol. 96(4). P. 324–332. Epub 2012 Aug 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conte B., George B., Overman M. et al. High-Grade Neuroendocrine Colorectal Carcinomas: A Retrospective Study of 100 Patients. Clin. Colorectal Cancer. 2016. Vol. 15(2). P. e1-e7. Epub 2015 Dec 29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conte B., George B., Overman M. et al. High-Grade Neuroendocrine Colorectal Carcinomas: A Retrospective Study of 100 Patients. Clin. Colorectal Cancer. 2016. Vol. 15(2). P. e1-e7. Epub 2015 Dec 29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dasari A., Mehta K., Byers L. A. et al. Comparative study of lung and extrapulmonary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas: A SEER database analysis of 162,983 cases. Cancer. 2018. Vol. 124. P. 807.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dasari A., Mehta K., Byers L. A. et al. Comparative study of lung and extrapulmonary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas: A SEER database analysis of 162,983 cases. Cancer. 2018. Vol. 124. P. 807.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorbye H., Welin S., Langer S. W. et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 24. P. 152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorbye H., Welin S., Langer S. W. et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 24. P. 152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brenner B., Tang L. H., Shia J. et al. Small cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: clinicopathological features and treatment approach. Semin. Oncol. 2007. Vol. 34. P. 43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brenner B., Tang L. H., Shia J. et al. Small cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: clinicopathological features and treatment approach. Semin. Oncol. 2007. Vol. 34. P. 43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coriat R., Walter T., Terris B. et al. Gastroenteropancreatic Well-Differentiated Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review and Position Statement. Oncologist. 2016. Vol. 21. P. 1191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coriat R., Walter T., Terris B. et al. Gastroenteropancreatic Well-Differentiated Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review and Position Statement. Oncologist. 2016. Vol. 21. P. 1191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walter T., Tougeron D., Baudin E. et al. Poorly differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: Are they really heterogeneous? Insights from the FFCD-GTE national cohort. Eur. J. Cancer. 2017. Vol. 79. P. 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walter T., Tougeron D., Baudin E. et al. Poorly differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: Are they really heterogeneous? Insights from the FFCD-GTE national cohort. Eur. J. Cancer. 2017. Vol. 79. P. 158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SEER Stat Database: Incidence — SEER9 Regs Research Data, November 2011 submission (1973–2010). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Cancer Statistics Branch, 2013. http://www.seer.cancer.gov.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SEER Stat Database: Incidence — SEER9 Regs Research Data, November 2011 submission (1973–2010). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, Cancer Statistics Branch, 2013. http://www.seer.cancer.gov.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klimstra D. S., Modlin I. R., Coppola D. et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimstra D. S., Modlin I. R., Coppola D. et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vélayoudom-Céphise F.L., Duvillard P., Foucan L. et al. Are G3 ENETS neuroendocrine neoplasms heterogeneous? Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 20. P. 649.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vélayoudom-Céphise F.L., Duvillard P., Foucan L. et al. Are G3 ENETS neuroendocrine neoplasms heterogeneous? Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2013. Vol. 20. P. 649.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maru D. M., Khurana H., Rashid A. et al. Retrospective study of clinicopathologic features and prognosis of highgrade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008. Vol. 32. P. 1404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maru D. M., Khurana H., Rashid A. et al. Retrospective study of clinicopathologic features and prognosis of highgrade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008. Vol. 32. P. 1404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Делекторская В. В. Морфологическая классификация нэйроэндокринных новообразований пищеварительной системы: современное состояние проблемы и нерешенные вопросы // Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2016. № 3(3). C. 56–66. [Delektorskaya V. V. Morphological classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: the current concepts and controversies. Advances in molecular oncology. 2016. Vol. 3(3). P. 56–66 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Делекторская В. В. Морфологическая классификация нэйроэндокринных новообразований пищеварительной системы: современное состояние проблемы и нерешенные вопросы // Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2016. № 3(3). C. 56–66. [Delektorskaya V. V. Morphological classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: the current concepts and controversies. Advances in molecular oncology. 2016. Vol. 3(3). P. 56–66 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang L. H., Basturk O., Sue J. J., Klimstra D. S. A Practical Approach to the Classification of WHO Grade 3 (G3) Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (WD-NET) and Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (PD-NEC) of the Pancreas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2016. Vol. 40. P. 1192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang L. H., Basturk O., Sue J. J., Klimstra D. S. A Practical Approach to the Classification of WHO Grade 3 (G3) Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (WD-NET) and Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (PD-NEC) of the Pancreas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2016. Vol. 40. P. 1192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raj N., Valentino E., Capanu M. et al. Treatment Response and Outcomes of Grade 3 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Based on Morphology: Well Differentiated Versus Poorly Differentiated. Pancreas. 2017. Vol. 46. P. 296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raj N., Valentino E., Capanu M. et al. Treatment Response and Outcomes of Grade 3 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Based on Morphology: Well Differentiated Versus Poorly Differentiated. Pancreas. 2017. Vol. 46. P. 296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strosberg J. R., Coppola D., Klimstra D. S. et al. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 799</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strosberg J. R., Coppola D., Klimstra D. S. et al. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 799</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casas F., Ferrer F., Farrús B. et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and prognosis. Cancer. 1997. Vol. 80. P. 1366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casas F., Ferrer F., Farrús B. et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and prognosis. Cancer. 1997. Vol. 80. P. 1366.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meng M. B., Zaorsky N. G., Jiang C. et al. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with improved outcomes over surgery and chemotherapy in the management of limited-stage small cell esophageal carcinoma. Radiother. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 106. P. 317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meng M. B., Zaorsky N. G., Jiang C. et al. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with improved outcomes over surgery and chemotherapy in the management of limited-stage small cell esophageal carcinoma. Radiother. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 106. P. 317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafqat H., Ali S., Salhab M., Olszewski AJ.. Survival of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population-based analysis. Dis. Colon. Rectum. 2015. Vol. 58. P. 294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafqat H., Ali S., Salhab M., Olszewski AJ.. Survival of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population-based analysis. Dis. Colon. Rectum. 2015. Vol. 58. P. 294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith J. D., Reidy D. L., Goodman K. A. et al. A retrospective review of 126 high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 21. P. 2956.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith J. D., Reidy D. L., Goodman K. A. et al. A retrospective review of 126 high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 21. P. 2956.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitry E., Baudin E., Ducreux M. et al. Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin. Br. J. Cancer. 1999. Vol. 81. P. 1351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitry E., Baudin E., Ducreux M. et al. Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin. Br. J. Cancer. 1999. Vol. 81. P. 1351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavel M., O’Toole D., Costa F. et al. Consensus Guidelines update for the management of distant metastatic disease of intestinal, pancreatic, bronchial neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) and NEN of unknown primary site. Neuroendocrinology. 2016. Vol. 103(2). P. 172–185</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavel M., O’Toole D., Costa F. et al. Consensus Guidelines update for the management of distant metastatic disease of intestinal, pancreatic, bronchial neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) and NEN of unknown primary site. Neuroendocrinology. 2016. Vol. 103(2). P. 172–185</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fazio N., Spada F., Giovannini M. Chemotherapy in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC): a critical view. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2013. Vol. 39. P. 270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazio N., Spada F., Giovannini M. Chemotherapy in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC): a critical view. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2013. Vol. 39. P. 270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorbye H., Welin S., Langer S. W. et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 24(1). P. 152–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorbye H., Welin S., Langer S. W. et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann. Oncol. 2013. Vol. 24(1). P. 152–160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okita N. T., Kato K., Takahari D. et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach: chemotherapy with cisplatin plus irinotecan is effective for gastric poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Gastric Cancer. 2011. Vol. 14. P. 161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okita N. T., Kato K., Takahari D. et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach: chemotherapy with cisplatin plus irinotecan is effective for gastric poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Gastric Cancer. 2011. Vol. 14. P. 161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamaguchi T., Machida N., Morizane C. et al. Multicenter retrospective analysis of systemic chemotherapy for advanced neuroendocrine carcinoma of the digestive system. Cancer Sci. 2014. Vol. 105. P. 1176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamaguchi T., Machida N., Morizane C. et al. Multicenter retrospective analysis of systemic chemotherapy for advanced neuroendocrine carcinoma of the digestive system. Cancer Sci. 2014. Vol. 105. P. 1176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Irinotecan Plus Cisplatin Compared With Etoposide Plus Cisplatin for Extensive Stage Small-cell Lung Cancer. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irinotecan Plus Cisplatin Compared With Etoposide Plus Cisplatin for Extensive Stage Small-cell Lung Cancer. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hentic O., Hammel P., Couvelard A. et al. FOLFIRI regimen: an effective second-line chemotherapy after failure of etoposide-platinum combination in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas grade 3. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2012. Vol. 19. P. 751.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hentic O., Hammel P., Couvelard A. et al. FOLFIRI regimen: an effective second-line chemotherapy after failure of etoposide-platinum combination in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas grade 3. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2012. Vol. 19. P. 751.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walter T., Tougeron D., Baudin E. et al. Poorly differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: Are they really heterogeneous? Insights from the FFCD-GTE national cohort. Eur. J. Cancer. 2017. Vol. 79. P. 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walter T., Tougeron D., Baudin E. et al. Poorly differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: Are they really heterogeneous? Insights from the FFCD-GTE national cohort. Eur. J. Cancer. 2017. Vol. 79. P. 158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsen I. H., Sоrensen J. B., Federspiel B. et al. Temozolomide as second or third line treatment of patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas. Scientific. World. J. 2012. Vol. 2012. 170496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsen I. H., Sоrensen J. B., Federspiel B. et al. Temozolomide as second or third line treatment of patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas. Scientific. World. J. 2012. Vol. 2012. 170496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hadoux J., Malka D., Planchard D. et al. Post-first-line FOLFOX chemotherapy for grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2015. Vol. 22. P. 289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hadoux J., Malka D., Planchard D. et al. Post-first-line FOLFOX chemotherapy for grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2015. Vol. 22. P. 289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharpe S. M., In H., Winchester D. J. et al. Surgical resection provides an overall survival benefit for patients with small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015. Vol. 19. P. 117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharpe S. M., In H., Winchester D. J. et al. Surgical resection provides an overall survival benefit for patients with small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015. Vol. 19. P. 117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haugvik S. P., Kaemmerer D., Gaujoux S. et al. Pathology and Surgical Treatment of High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: an Evolving Landscape. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2016. Vol. 18. P. 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haugvik S. P., Kaemmerer D., Gaujoux S. et al. Pathology and Surgical Treatment of High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: an Evolving Landscape. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2016. Vol. 18. P. 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panzuto F., Rinzivillo M., Spada F. et al. Everolimus in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinomas G3. Pancreas. 2017. Vol. 46 (3). P. 302–305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panzuto F., Rinzivillo M., Spada F. et al. Everolimus in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinomas G3. Pancreas. 2017. Vol. 46 (3). P. 302–305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
