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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Malignant tumours</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Malignant tumours</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2224-5057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6813</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rosoncoweb</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18027/2224-5057-2018-8-2-31-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tumors-513</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВАЯ АБЛАЦИЯ ОПУХОЛИ: ИММУННЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННОГО РАКА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ULTRASOUND TUMOR ABLATION: IMMUNE EFFECTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF INTEGRATION IN THE MODERN TREATMENT OF ADVANCED CANCER</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мачак</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Machak</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Геннадий Н. Мачак - доктор медицинских наук.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennady N. Machak - MD, DSc Med.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">machak.gennady@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central institute of traumatology and orthopedics of N. N. Priorov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мачак Г.Н., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мачак Г.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Machak G.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/513">https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/513</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на революционные открытия последних лет в области молекулярной онкологии и иммунологии, выживаемость при генерализованных формах злокачественных новообразований не превышает 20–30 %, поэтому поиск новых терапевтических подходов остается актуальной задачей. Дальнейший прогресс, в частности, связывают с повышением иммуногенности опухолей, индукцией воспалительного фенотипа и блокадой механизмов иммуносупрессии. Решению этих задач может способствовать ультразвуковая аблация (УЗА), которая занимает особое место среди аналогичных методик, поскольку вызывает быстрый иммунный ответ, обладает неинвазивностью и низкой локальной токсичностью, позволяет манипулировать параметрами физического воздействия, допускает многократное применение, относительно недорога и не требует длительной госпитализации. Помимо циторедукции и снижения системных иммунносупрессивных сигналов, УЗА создает в организме депо лизированных клеток и считается способом вакцинирования in situ. Постаблативная иммуногенная клеточная смерть стимулирует начальные фазы иммунного цикла и способствует генерации популяций CD4+ и CD8+ цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов. Однако инфильтрация зоны соникации и отдаленных метастазов активированными эффекторными клетками в короткие сроки приводит к запуску защитных механизмов со стороны опухоли, в частности экспрессии PD-1L, что не позволяет достичь стойких абскопальных эффектов и контроля заболевания. Поэтому сегодня УЗА чаще рассматривается как один из элементов комбинированных стратегий, влияющих на различные фазы иммунного цикла (агонисты TLR, GM-CSF, цитокины, блокаторы CTLA-4, PD-1 / PD-1L, агонисты стимуляторных контрольных точек, адоптивная терапия и др.) Доклинические исследования показали повышение процента абскопальных эффектов и улучшение выживаемости при сочетании УЗА с иммунотерапией, а также предпосылки для снижения доз ингибиторов контрольных точек и частоты нежелательных явлений. В случае прогрессирования на фоне иммунотерапии УЗА может быть способом повторной антигенной стимуляции и расширения клонального репертуара эффекторных клеток. Экспериментальные данные легли в основу дизайна ряда текущих клинических исследований в РФ и за рубежом, которые в ближайшей перспективе должны уточнить ряд методологических аспектов, а также показать роль и место УЗА в комбинированном лечении пациентов с диссеминированным раком.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite significant progress in molecular oncology and immuno-oncology, only 20-30 % of patients with advanced cancer can be cured with modern treatments indicating that new approaches are needed. Further improvements in immunotherapy of cancer are associated with enhanced tumor immunogenicity, induction of inflammatory phenotype and inhibition of immune suppression at the tumor microenvironment level. In this context, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation have several advantages, particularly it is able to elicits a rapid clinical and immune response, is non-invasive, have low local morbidity, allows repeated sonications, have relative low cost and does not require long hospitalization. In addition to cytoreduction and decreasing of systemic immune suppression, HIFU generates a tumor debris depot acting as vaccine in situ. Immunogenic cell death elicits a CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell response, but several regulatory mechanisms, particularly PD-1L expression, are promoted in response to enhanced immune cells infiltration of heated and distal tumors. This results in low rate of durable and clinically relevant abscopal effects. For these reasons HIFU is currently viewed as a part of strategies targeting multiple steps of cancer immune cycle (TLR agonists, GM-CSF, cytokines, CTLA-4, PD-1 / PD-1L inhibitors, T-cell co-stimulation agonists, adoptive cell therapy etc). Higher rate of abscopal effects and improved survival have been shown in some preclinical studies using thermal ablations in combination with immunotherapy. In this setting, there is an opportunity to use check-point inhibitors in reduced doses. In addition, tumor ablation after non-effective immunotherapy could induce a new cancer antigens spreading, T-cell repertoire changes and enhance tumor responsiveness to treatment. Based on encouraging preclinical data, this exiting approach is currently explored in some ongoing trials aiming to evaluate the optimal treatment sequences and its clinical efficacy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>злокачественные новообразования</kwd><kwd>метастазы</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковая аблация</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>абскопальный эффект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>metastases</kwd><kwd>ultrasound thermal ablation</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>abscopal effect</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joshi S. S., Maron S. B., Catenacci D. V. Pembrolizumab for treatment of advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Future Oncol. 2018. Vol. 14 (5). P. 417–430. doi: 10.2217 / fon-2017-0436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joshi S. S., Maron S. B., Catenacci D. V. 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