<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Malignant tumours</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Malignant tumours</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2224-5057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6813</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rosoncoweb</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18027/2224-5057-2026-075</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tumors-1631</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И АНАЛИТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND ANALYSIS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможность применения тактики “watch and wait” в терапии пациентов с немелкоклеточным раком легкого (обзорная статья)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The possibility of using “watch and wait” approach in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6581-6541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сейнароева</surname><given-names>Е. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seynaroeva</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ева Хасановна Сейнароева</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eva Hasanovna Seynaroeva</p><p>Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">seynaroeva_e_kh@student.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>98–107</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сейнароева Е.Х., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сейнароева Е.Х.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Seynaroeva E.H.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/1631">https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/1631</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Анализ мировых научных публикаций, посвященных методу “watch and wait” и перспективе его применения в группе пациентов с местнораспространенной формой НМРЛ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы: Произведен поиск литературы с использованием медицинских баз данных: PubMed, Web of Science, РИНЦ, Scopus. Включение публикаций осуществлялось исходя из следующих критериев: рандомизированные и когортные исследования, систематические обзоры и мета-анализы.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Тактика “watch and wait” является перспективной опцией в терапии пациентов с НМРЛ и требует более глубокого изучения. Необходимо проведение проспективных исследований для определения ключевых параме‑ тров (критерии отбора пациентов, режимы наблюдения). Кроме того, требуется разработка эффективных методов оценки патоморфологического ответа.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze global scientific publications dedicated to the “watch and wait” strategy and the prospects for its application in a g roup of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods: a literature search was conducted using medical databases: PubMed, Web of Science, RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index), and Scopus. Publications were selected based on the following criteria: randomized and cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: the “watch and wait” strategy is a promising option in the therapy of patients with NSCLC and requires more in-depth study. The conduct of prospective studies is necessary to determine key parameters (patient selection criteria, follow-up regimens). Furthermore, the development of effective methods for assessing the degree of pathological response is required.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак легкого</kwd><kwd>“watch and wait”</kwd><kwd>«наблюдение и ожидание»</kwd><kwd>безоперационная стратегия</kwd><kwd>неоадъювантная терапия</kwd><kwd>патоморфологический ответ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lung cancer</kwd><kwd>“watch and wait”</kwd><kwd>wait-and-see strategy</kwd><kwd>non-surgical strategy</kwd><kwd>neoadjuvant therapy</kwd><kwd>pathological response</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray F., Laversanne M., Sung H., et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(3):229–263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bray F., Laversanne M., Sung H., et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(3):229–263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Provencio M., Nadal E., Insa A., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21(11):1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30453-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Provencio M., Nadal E., Insa A., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21(11):1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30453-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wakelee H., Liberman M., Kato T., et al. KEYNOTE-671 investigators. Perioperative pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023 Aug 10;389(6):491–503. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2302983</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wakelee H., Liberman M., Kato T., et al. KEYNOTE-671 investigators. Perioperative pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023 Aug 10;389(6):491–503. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2302983</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононец П.В. Торакоскопическая пневмонэктомия при раке. Клин. и эксперимент. хир. Журн. им. акад. Б. В. Петровского 2017;2:6–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononets P.V. Thoracoscopic pneumonectomy for lung cancer. Clin. Exsperiment. Surg. Petrovsky J. 2017;2:6–12 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пикин О.В., Рябов А.Б., Трахтенберг А.Х., и др. Анализ послеоперационных осложнений по системе ТММ у больных немелкоклеточным раком легкого после пневмонэктомии за 5-летний период. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова 2016;1:23–27. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia20161223-27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pikin O.V., Ryabov A.B., Trakhtenberg A.Kh., et al. Analysis of postoperative interventions using the TMM system in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after pneumonectomy over a 5-year period. Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery. 2016;(1):23–27 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia20161223-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones G.D., Caso R., Tan K.S., et al. Propensity-matched analysis demonstrates long-term risk of respiratory and cardiac mortality after pneumonectomy compared with lobectomy for lung cancer. Ann Surg 2022;275(4):793–799. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones G.D., Caso R., Tan K.S., et al. Propensity-matched analysis demonstrates long-term risk of respiratory and cardiac mortality after pneumonectomy compared with lobectomy for lung cancer. Ann Surg 2022;275(4):793–799. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habr-Gama A., Perez R.O., Nadalin W., et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg 2004;240(4):711–7; discussion 717–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000141194.27992.32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habr-Gama A., Perez R.O., Nadalin W., et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg 2004;240(4):711–7; discussion 717–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000141194.27992.32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habr-Gama A., de Souza P.M., Ribeiro U.Jr., et al. Low rectal cancer: impact of radiation and chemotherapy on surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(9):1087–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habr-Gama A., de Souza P.M., Ribeiro U.Jr., et al. Low rectal cancer: impact of radiation and chemotherapy on surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(9):1087–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marinelli D., Nuccio A., Di Federico A., et al. Improved event-free survival after complete or major pathologic response in patients with resectable nsclc treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy regardless of adjuvant treatment: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol 2025;20(3):285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2024.09.1443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marinelli D., Nuccio A., Di Federico A., et al. Improved event-free survival after complete or major pathologic response in patients with resectable nsclc treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy regardless of adjuvant treatment: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol 2025;20(3):285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2024.09.1443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reijers I.L.M., Menzies A.M., Lopez-Yurda M., et al. Impact of personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy on survival after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in stage III melanoma: Comparison of 3-year data from PRADO and OpACIN-neo. Eur J Cancer 2025;214:115141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2024.115141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reijers I.L.M., Menzies A.M., Lopez-Yurda M., et al. Impact of personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy on survival after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in stage III melanoma: Comparison of 3-year data from PRADO and OpACIN-neo. Eur J Cancer 2025;214:115141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2024.115141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z., Lin Y., Chen S. Efficacy of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and perioperative immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer across different PD-L1 expression levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2025;16:1569864. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1569864</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z., Lin Y., Chen S. Efficacy of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and perioperative immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer across different PD-L1 expression levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2025;16:1569864. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1569864</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meng Y., Han H., Zhu S., et al. Identifying patients who benefit more from perioperative immunotherapy combinations for resectable non-small cell lung cancer based on clinical and molecular characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2025;27(4):1516–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03712-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meng Y., Han H., Zhu S., et al. Identifying patients who benefit more from perioperative immunotherapy combinations for resectable non-small cell lung cancer based on clinical and molecular characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2025;27(4):1516–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03712-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calles A., Riess J.W., Brahmer J.R. Checkpoint blockade in lung cancer with driver mutation: choose the road wisely. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020;40:372–384. https://doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_280795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calles A., Riess J.W., Brahmer J.R. Checkpoint blockade in lung cancer with driver mutation: choose the road wisely. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020;40:372–384. https://doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_280795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bylicki O., Paleiron N., Margery J., et al. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in EGFR-mutated or ALK-translocated non-small-cell lung cancer. Target Oncol 2017;12(5):563–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-017-0510-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bylicki O., Paleiron N., Margery J., et al. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in EGFR-mutated or ALK-translocated non-small-cell lung cancer. Target Oncol 2017;12(5):563–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-017-0510-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenhauer E.A., Therasse P., Bogaerts J., et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45(2):228–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenhauer E.A., Therasse P., Bogaerts J., et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45(2):228–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D.S., Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature 2017;541(7637):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21349 19. Chiou V.L., Burotto M. Pseudoprogression and immune-related response in solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(31):3541–3. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D.S., Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature 2017;541(7637):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21349 19. Chiou V.L., Burotto M. Pseudoprogression and immune-related response in solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(31):3541–3. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrara R., Mezquita L., Texier M., et al. Hyperprogressive disease in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors or with single-agent chemotherapy. JAMA Oncol 2018;4(11):1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3676</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrara R., Mezquita L., Texier M., et al. Hyperprogressive disease in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors or with single-agent chemotherapy. JAMA Oncol 2018;4(11):1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3676</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nelles C., Gräf M., Bernard P., et al. Real-world response assessment of immune checkpoint inhibition: comparing iRECIST and RECIST 1.1 in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients. Eur Radiol 2025;35(4):2084–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-11060-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nelles C., Gräf M., Bernard P., et al. Real-world response assessment of immune checkpoint inhibition: comparing iRECIST and RECIST 1.1 in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients. Eur Radiol 2025;35(4):2084–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-11060-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopci E., Toschi L., Grizzi F., et al. Correlation of metabolic information on FDG-PET with tissue expression of immune markers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are candidates for upfront surgery. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;43(11):1954–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3425-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopci E., Toschi L., Grizzi F., et al. Correlation of metabolic information on FDG-PET with tissue expression of immune markers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are candidates for upfront surgery. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;43(11):1954–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3425-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Z.Y., Fu R., Tan X.Y., et al. Dynamic 18 F-FDG PET/CT can predict the major pathological response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2022;13(17):2524–2531. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14562</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Z.Y., Fu R., Tan X.Y., et al. Dynamic 18 F-FDG PET/CT can predict the major pathological response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2022;13(17):2524–2531. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14562</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang C., Liu J., Tong J., et al. 18F-FDG-PET evaluation of pathological tumour response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with NSCLC. Nucl Med Commun 2013;34(1):71–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e3283599999</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang C., Liu J., Tong J., et al. 18F-FDG-PET evaluation of pathological tumour response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with NSCLC. Nucl Med Commun 2013;34(1):71–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e3283599999</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castello A., Rossi S., Lopci E. 18F-FDG PET/CT in restaging and evaluation of response to therapy in lung cancer: state of the art. Curr Radiopharm 2020;13(3):228–237. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874471013666191230144821</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castello A., Rossi S., Lopci E. 18F-FDG PET/CT in restaging and evaluation of response to therapy in lung cancer: state of the art. Curr Radiopharm 2020;13(3):228–237. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874471013666191230144821</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orr L., Krochmal R., Sonti R., et al. Comparison of the GenCut core biopsy system to transbronchial biopsy forceps for flexible bronchoscopic lung biopsy. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2022;29(2):140–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000803</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orr L., Krochmal R., Sonti R., et al. Comparison of the GenCut core biopsy system to transbronchial biopsy forceps for flexible bronchoscopic lung biopsy. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2022;29(2):140–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000803</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sethi J., Ali M.S., Mohananey D., et al. Are transbronchial cryobiopsies ready for prime time?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2019;26(1):22–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sethi J., Ali M.S., Mohananey D., et al. Are transbronchial cryobiopsies ready for prime time?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2019;26(1):22–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sano M., Oki M. Transthoracic lung biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complications. Transl Cancer Res 2023;12(2):233– 235. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr-22-2703</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sano M., Oki M. Transthoracic lung biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complications. Transl Cancer Res 2023;12(2):233– 235. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr-22-2703</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sasani M.R., Paknahad M. Complications of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy: a 1-year single-center experience in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2025;39:102. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.39.102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sasani M.R., Paknahad M. Complications of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy: a 1-year single-center experience in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2025;39:102. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.39.102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartolomucci A., Nobrega M., Ferrier T., et al. Circulating tumor DNA to monitor treatment response in solid tumors and advance precision oncology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2025;9(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-025-00876-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartolomucci A., Nobrega M., Ferrier T., et al. Circulating tumor DNA to monitor treatment response in solid tumors and advance precision oncology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2025;9(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-025-00876-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pellini B., Chaudhuri A.A. Circulating tumor DNA minimal residual disease detection of non-small-cell lung cancer treated with curative intent. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(6):567–575. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01929</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pellini B., Chaudhuri A.A. Circulating tumor DNA minimal residual disease detection of non-small-cell lung cancer treated with curative intent. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(6):567–575. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01929</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cascone T., Awad M.M., Spicer J.D., et al. CheckMate 77T investigators. Perioperative nivolumab in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2024;390(19):1756–1769. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2311926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cascone T., Awad M.M., Spicer J.D., et al. CheckMate 77T investigators. Perioperative nivolumab in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2024;390(19):1756–1769. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2311926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S. Provencio, M., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forde P.M., Spicer J., Lu S. Provencio, M., et al. CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386(21):1973–1985. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen K., Zhao H., Shi Y., et al. Perioperative dynamic changes in circulating tumor DNA in patients with lung cancer (DYNAMIC). Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(23):7058–7067. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-1213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen K., Zhao H., Shi Y., et al. Perioperative dynamic changes in circulating tumor DNA in patients with lung cancer (DYNAMIC). Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(23):7058–7067. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-1213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbosh C., Frankell A., Garnett A., et al. Phylogenetic tracking and minimal residual disease detection using ctDNA in early-stage NSCLC: A lung TRACERx study. AACR Annual Meeting 2020;80 (16_Supplement):CT023-CT023. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2020-CT023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbosh C., Frankell A., Garnett A., et al. Phylogenetic tracking and minimal residual disease detection using ctDNA in early-stage NSCLC: A lung TRACERx study. AACR Annual Meeting 2020;80 (16_Supplement):CT023-CT023. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2020-CT023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reck M., Gale D., Harpole D, et al. LBA59 Associations of ctDNA clearance and pathological response with neoadjuvant treatment in patients with resectable NSCLC from the phase III AEGEAN trial. Ann Oncol 2023;34:S1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reck M., Gale D., Harpole D, et al. LBA59 Associations of ctDNA clearance and pathological response with neoadjuvant treatment in patients with resectable NSCLC from the phase III AEGEAN trial. Ann Oncol 2023;34:S1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu T., Zhang W., Liu C., et al. Efficacy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lesions. Curr Med Imaging 2024;20. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573405620666230428121243</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu T., Zhang W., Liu C., et al. Efficacy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lesions. Curr Med Imaging 2024;20. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573405620666230428121243</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chrysikos S., Karampitsakos T., Zervas E., et al. Thoracic endosonography (EBUS/EUS-b) in the diagnosis of different intrathoracic diseases: A 4-year experience at a single-centre in Greece. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(3):e13684. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chrysikos S., Karampitsakos T., Zervas E., et al. Thoracic endosonography (EBUS/EUS-b) in the diagnosis of different intrathoracic diseases: A 4-year experience at a single-centre in Greece. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(3):e13684. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hong G., Oki M. Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnostic and staging purposes: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023;15(9):5088–5098. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hong G., Oki M. Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnostic and staging purposes: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023;15(9):5088–5098. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilmann P., Clementsen P.F., Colella S., et al. Combined endobronchial and esophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline, in cooperation with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Endoscopy 2015;47(6):545–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034–1392040. Erratum in: Endoscopy 2015;47(6):c1. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1392453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilmann P., Clementsen P.F., Colella S., et al. Combined endobronchial and esophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline, in cooperation with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Endoscopy 2015;47(6):545–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034–1392040. Erratum in: Endoscopy 2015;47(6):c1. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1392453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erasmus L.T., Strange T.A., Agrawal R., et al. Lung cancer staging: imaging and potential pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023;13(21):3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13213359</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erasmus L.T., Strange T.A., Agrawal R., et al. Lung cancer staging: imaging and potential pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023;13(21):3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13213359</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kremer R., Peysakhovich Y., Dan L.F., et al. FDG PET/CT for assessing the resectability of NSCLC patients with N2 disease after neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Nucl Med 2016;30(2):114–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-015-1038-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kremer R., Peysakhovich Y., Dan L.F., et al. FDG PET/CT for assessing the resectability of NSCLC patients with N2 disease after neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Nucl Med 2016;30(2):114–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-015-1038-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X., Duan B., Liu R., et al. Enhancing clinical complete response assessment in rectal cancer: integrating transanal multipoint full-layer puncture biopsy criteria: a systematic review. Front Oncol 2024;14:1428583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1428583</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X., Duan B., Liu R., et al. Enhancing clinical complete response assessment in rectal cancer: integrating transanal multipoint full-layer puncture biopsy criteria: a systematic review. Front Oncol 2024;14:1428583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1428583</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu C., Teng X., Sun X., et al. Impact of treatment interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery in lung squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2024;24(1):585. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12333-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu C., Teng X., Sun X., et al. Impact of treatment interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery in lung squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2024;24(1):585. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12333-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J., Deng H., He J., et al. Impact of the interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery on surgical-pathological outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022;12:909726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.909726</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen J., Deng H., He J., et al. Impact of the interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery on surgical-pathological outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022;12:909726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.909726</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lococo F., Sassorossi C., Nachira D., et al. Prognostic factors and long-term survival in locally advanced NSCLC with pathological complete response after surgical resection following neoadjuvant therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(12):3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123572</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lococo F., Sassorossi C., Nachira D., et al. Prognostic factors and long-term survival in locally advanced NSCLC with pathological complete response after surgical resection following neoadjuvant therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(12):3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123572</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">İşgörücü Ö., Citak N. Survival analysis of pathological complete response of locally advanced lung cancer after neoadjuvant treatment. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021;69(7):1086–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-020-01584-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">İşgörücü Ö., Citak N. Survival analysis of pathological complete response of locally advanced lung cancer after neoadjuvant treatment. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021;69(7):1086–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-020-01584-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurry T.L., Stukenborg G.J., Kessler L.G., et al. More frequent surveillance following lung cancer resection is not associated with improved survival: a nationally representative cohort study. Ann Surg 2018;268(4):632–639. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002955</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurry T.L., Stukenborg G.J., Kessler L.G., et al. More frequent surveillance following lung cancer resection is not associated with improved survival: a nationally representative cohort study. Ann Surg 2018;268(4):632–639. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002955</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodor J.N., Feliciano J.L., Edelman M.J. Outcomes of patients with disease recurrence after treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer detected by routine follow-up CT scans versus a symptom driven evaluation. Lung Cancer 2019;135:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.009. Erratum in: Lung Cancer 2019;136:157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodor J.N., Feliciano J.L., Edelman M.J. Outcomes of patients with disease recurrence after treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer detected by routine follow-up CT scans versus a symptom driven evaluation. Lung Cancer 2019;135:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.009. Erratum in: Lung Cancer 2019;136:157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider B.J., Ismaila N., Aerts J., et al. Lung cancer surveillance after definitive curative-intent therapy: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol 2020;38(7):753–766. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02748</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider B.J., Ismaila N., Aerts J., et al. Lung cancer surveillance after definitive curative-intent therapy: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol 2020;38(7):753–766. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02748</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федянин М.Ю., Гладков О.А., Гордеев С.С. и соавт. Рак ободочной кишки, ректосигмоидного соединения и прямой кишки. Клинические рекомендации RUSSCO, часть 1.1. Злокачественные опухоли 2025;15(3s2):310–372. https://doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2025-15-3s2-1.1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedyanin M.Yu., Gladkov O.A., Gordeev S.S., et al. Сancer of the colon, rectosigmoid junction and rectum. Klinicheskiye rekomendatsii RUSSСO, chast’ 1.1. Zlokachestvennyye opukholi = Clinical guidelines RUSSCO, part 1.1. Malignant tumors 2025;15(3s2):310–372 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2025-15-3s2-1.1-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bar J., Maiocco G.D., Parikh K., et al. Real world characteristics of stages II-III NSCLC patients (pts) who initiate neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy (NACT-I) and do not undergo surgical resection. Clin Oncol 2025;43(8019):16_suppl. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.8019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bar J., Maiocco G.D., Parikh K., et al. Real world characteristics of stages II-III NSCLC patients (pts) who initiate neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy (NACT-I) and do not undergo surgical resection. Clin Oncol 2025;43(8019):16_suppl. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.8019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lococo F., Sassorossi C., Nachira D., et al. Prognostic factors and long-term survival in locally advanced NSCLC with pathological complete response after surgical resection following neoadjuvant therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(12):3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123572</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lococo F., Sassorossi C., Nachira D., et al. Prognostic factors and long-term survival in locally advanced NSCLC with pathological complete response after surgical resection following neoadjuvant therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(12):3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123572</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayawake H., Okumura N., Yamanashi K., et al. Non-small cell lung cancer with pathological complete response: predictive factors and surgical outcomes. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;67(9):773–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-019-01076-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayawake H., Okumura N., Yamanashi K., et al. Non-small cell lung cancer with pathological complete response: predictive factors and surgical outcomes. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;67(9):773–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-019-01076-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chicas-Sett R., Zafra .J, Rodriguez-Abreu D., et al. Combination of SABR with Anti-PD-1 in oligoprogressive nonsmall cell lung cancer and melanoma: results of a prospective multicenter observational study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022;114(4):655–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chicas-Sett R., Zafra .J, Rodriguez-Abreu D., et al. Combination of SABR with Anti-PD-1 in oligoprogressive nonsmall cell lung cancer and melanoma: results of a prospective multicenter observational study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022;114(4):655–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schreiner W., Dudek W., Lettmaier S., et al. Should salvage surgery be considered for local recurrence after definitive chemoradiation in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer? J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;11:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-016-0396-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schreiner W., Dudek W., Lettmaier S., et al. Should salvage surgery be considered for local recurrence after definitive chemoradiation in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer? J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;11:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-016-0396-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
