<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Malignant tumours</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Malignant tumours</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2224-5057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-6813</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rosoncoweb</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18027/2224-5057-2025-035</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tumors-1449</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОБСТВЕННЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. ВОПРОСЫ ОНКОХИРУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OWN RESEARCH. ONCOSURGERY ISSUES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Тенденции и результаты лечения рака мочевого пузыря за последнее десятилетие</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trends and outcomes of bladder cancer treatment over the past decade</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-1716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беркут</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berkut</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Беркут Мария Владимировна</p><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68;8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Berkut Mariya Vladimirovna</p><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berkutv91@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5580-4821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyaev</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Беляев Алексей Михайлович</p><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68;8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Belyaev Aleksei Mikhailovich</p><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-7109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носов</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nosov</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Носов Александр Константинович</p><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, п. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68;8</p><p>199034 Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7–9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nosov Aleksandr Konstantinovich</p><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758</p><p>7–9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, Saint Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Петрова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>55–67</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беркут М.В., Беляев А.М., Носов А.К., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беркут М.В., Беляев А.М., Носов А.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Berkut M.V., Belyaev A.M., Nosov A.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/1449">https://www.malignanttumors.org/jour/article/view/1449</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Цистэктомия, как в радикальном, так и спасительном режимах, эффективно применяется при уротелиальном раке мочевого пузыря, однако риск послеоперационного рецидива заболевания остается достаточно высоким, что требует поиска новых решений. Цель данного ретроспективного исследования — проанализировать влияние самостоятельного применения БЦЖ‑терапии, лучевой терапии (ЛТ), неоадъювантной (НТ) и адъювантной терапии (АТ) при цистэктомии на отдаленные 10‑летние онкологические результаты.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: В ретроспективное одноцентровое когортное исследование были включены результаты хирургического лечения 484 пациентов с подтвержденным диагнозом РМП cTis‑4N0–3, которым выполнена цистэктомия в период с 2012 по 2021 годы. Финальный анализ включил 455 случаев, медиана возраста пациентов составила 65 лет, большинство были мужчины (82,6 %). Предшествующая самостоятельная ЛТ проводилась у 6,4 % больных, БЦЖ‑терапия — у 5,9 %, НТ — у 23,5 %, АТ — у 49 (10,8 %). Протокол исследования был утвержден комитетом по биомедицинской этике (№32 / 355 от 23.12.2020).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Частота назначения НТ выросла за 10‑летний период наблюдения с 7,1 % до 58,3 % случаев (р &lt; 0,001), частота АТ за указанный период времени без значимой динамики: с 10,7 % случаев в 2012 году до 18,3 % в 2021 году (p = 0,415). Только 6 (1,3 %) пациентов в возрасте &gt; 75 лет смогли получить НТ. При анализе факторов рецидива РМП наиболее значимым оказался факт проведения самостоятельной ЛТ: ОР 2,84 (95 % ДИ: 1,70–4,70; p &lt; 0,001). Наибольшая частота рецидивов заболевания после цистэктомии отмечена среди пациентов с мышечно‑инвазивным РМП после БЦЖ / ЛТ‑терапии, которая составила 58,1 % (18 / 31), для них отмечена наименьшая медиана безрецидивной выживаемости — 6,3 месяца (95 % ДИ: 3,9–16,8). При этом риск рецидива РМП в данной подгруппе пациентов был в 2,5 раза выше (ОР 2,5; 95 % ДИ: 1,5–4,2; р &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: При многофакторном анализе предшествующая самостоятельная ЛТ оказалась негативным фактором риска, значимо увеличивающим риск повторного рецидива РМП после цистэктомии, что подчеркивает необходимость осторожного подхода к выбору терапии для таких пациентов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Radical cystectomy (RC) is effectively used for urothelial bladder cancer, however, the risk of recurrence remains high necessitating the search for the new treatment approaches. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of pre- and postoperative treatments on 10-year overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included the surgical treatment outcomes of 484 patients with confirmed BC diagnosis (cTis-4N0–3) who underwent cystectomy between 2012 and 2021. The final analysis included 455 cases, with a median age of 65 years, and the majority being male (82.6 %). Prior radiation therapy (RT) was administered to 6.4 % of patients, BCG therapy to 5.9 %, and neoadjuvant therapy (NT) to 23.5 %. Among postoperative treatments, only adjuvant systemic therapy (AT) in 49 patients (10.8 %) was considered. The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee (No. 32 / 355, dated December 23, 2020).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: Three key trends were identified over the past 10 years. First, the number of NT prescriptions increased by more than 50 %, mainly due to platinum-based regimens and immuno-oncological agents; however, such regimens were rarely used in patients over 75 years old. Second, prior definitive RT was found to be a significant risk factor for recurrence (OR 2.84, p &lt; 0.001), while NT and AT did not impact survival due to the limited number of cases. Third, surgical treatment after RT was not limited to laparoscopic access and did not lead to an increase in positive surgical margins (detected in only one case, 3.4 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: Our study revealed that definitive radiation therapy negatively affects oncological outcomes and increases the risk of recurrence after radical cystectomy, emphasizing the need for a cautious approach when selecting treatment for such patients.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>радикальная цистэктомия</kwd><kwd>неоадъювантная терапия</kwd><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>спасительная цистэктомия</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radical cystectomy</kwd><kwd>neoadjuvant therapy</kwd><kwd>definitive therapy</kwd><kwd>salvage cystectomy</kwd><kwd>survival</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках клинической апробации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of a clinical trial.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации. Рак мочевого пузыря, 2023. Доступно по: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/11_3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical Guidelines. Bladder cancer, Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/11_3 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stein J.P., Lieskovsky G., Cote R., et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(3):666–675. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.666</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stein J.P., Lieskovsky G., Cote R., et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(3):666–675. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.666</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Комяков Б.К., Гулиев Б.Г., Сергеев А.В. и соавт. Выживаемость больных раком мочевого пузыря после радикальной цистэктомии. Онкоурология 2016;12(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2016-12-1-29-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komyakov B.K., Guliev B.G., Sergeev A.V. et.al. Survival of patients with bladder cancer after radical cystectomy. Cancer Urology 2016;12(1):29–35 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2016-12-1-29-35</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перепечай В.А., Васильев О.Н., Спицын И.М., Коган М.И. Анализ достоверности факторов прогноза выживаемости после радикальной цистэктомии. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология 2016;1:28–34</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perepetchay V.A., 	 Vasilyev O.N., Spitsin I.M., Kogan M.I. The accuracy analysis of the factors influencing survival prediction after radical cystectomy. Experimental and clinical urology 2016;1:28–34 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shariat S.F., Karakiewicz P.I., Palapattu G.S., et al. Outcomes of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium. Journal Urol 2006;176(6 Pt 1):2414–2422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shariat S.F., Karakiewicz P.I., Palapattu G.S., et al. Outcomes of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium. Journal Urol 2006;176(6 Pt 1):2414–2422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yafi F.A., Aprikian A.G., Chin J.L., et al. Contemporary outcomes of 2287 patients with bladder cancer who were treated with radical cystectomy: a Canadian multicentre experience. BJU Int 2011;108(4):539–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09912.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yafi F.A., Aprikian A.G., Chin J.L., et al. Contemporary outcomes of 2287 patients with bladder cancer who were treated with radical cystectomy: a Canadian multicentre experience. BJU Int 2011;108(4):539–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09912.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">David K.A., Milowsky M.I., Ritchey J., et al. Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. J Urol 2007;178(2):451–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">David K.A., Milowsky M.I., Ritchey J., et al. Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. J Urol 2007;178(2):451–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter M.P., Kerrigan M.C., Donato B.M., Ramsey S.D. Patterns of use of systemic chemotherapy for Medicare beneficiaries with urothelial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2011;29(3):252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.03.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter M.P., Kerrigan M.C., Donato B.M., Ramsey S.D. Patterns of use of systemic chemotherapy for Medicare beneficiaries with urothelial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2011;29(3):252–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.03.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamid A.R.A.H., Ridwan F.R., Parikesit D., et al. Meta-analysis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to radical cystectomy alone in improving overall survival of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. BMC Urol 2020;20(1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00733-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamid A.R.A.H., Ridwan F.R., Parikesit D., et al. Meta-analysis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to radical cystectomy alone in improving overall survival of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. BMC Urol 2020;20(1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00733-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetterlein M.W., Wankowicz S.A.M., Seisen T., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with variant histology. Cancer 2017;123(22):4346–4355. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30907</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetterlein M.W., Wankowicz S.A.M., Seisen T., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with variant histology. Cancer 2017;123(22):4346–4355. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30907</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basile G., Bandini M., Montorsi F., et al. Reply to Chao Quan, Jinbo Chen, and Jiao Hu’s letter to the editor re: Giuseppe Basile, Marco Bandini, Ewan A. Gibb, et al. Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer: 3-year median follow-up update of PURE-01 trial. Clin Cancer Res 2022;28:5107–14. Eur Urol 2023;83(4):e111-e112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2023.01.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basile G., Bandini M., Montorsi F., et al. Reply to Chao Quan, Jinbo Chen, and Jiao Hu’s letter to the editor re: Giuseppe Basile, Marco Bandini, Ewan A. Gibb, et al. Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer: 3-year median follow-up update of PURE-01 trial. Clin Cancer Res 2022;28:5107–14. Eur Urol 2023;83(4):e111-e112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2023.01.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szabados B., Kockx M., Assaf Z.J., et al. Final results of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder. Eur Urol 2022;82(2):212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2022.04.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szabados B., Kockx M., Assaf Z.J., et al. Final results of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder. Eur Urol 2022;82(2):212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2022.04.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rose T.L., Harrison M.R., Deal A.M., et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine and split-dose cisplatin plus pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2021;39(28):3140–3148. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rose T.L., Harrison M.R., Deal A.M., et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine and split-dose cisplatin plus pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2021;39(28):3140–3148. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huncharek M., Muscat J., Geschwind J.F. Planned preoperative radiation therapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer; results of a meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 1998;18(3B):1931–1934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huncharek M., Muscat J., Geschwind J.F. Planned preoperative radiation therapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer; results of a meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 1998;18(3B):1931–1934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев В.Б., Волкова М.И., Фигурин К.М., Петерс М.В. Спасительная цистэктомия у больных переходно-клеточным раком мочевого пузыря. Онкоурология 2009;5(1):27–31. https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2009-5-1-27-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveyev V.B., Volkova M.I., Figurin K.M., Peters M.V. Sparing cystectomy in patients with transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer Urology 2009;5(1):27–31 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2009-5-1-27-31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова М.И., Тхакохов М.М., Черняев В.А. и соавт. Спасительная цистэктомия после органосохраняющего лечения больных мышечно-инвазивным раком мочевого пузыря. Онкоурология 2016;12(4):131–141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova M.I., Tkhakokhov M.M., Chernyaev V.A., et al. alvage cystectomy after organ preservation treatment in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Urology 2016;12(4):131–141 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беркут М.В., Носов А.К. Десятилетний опыт радикальной цистэктомии в одном центре: ретроспективный анализ и онкологические результаты. Онкоурология 2024;20(4):[принято в печать DOI: https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2024-20-4-00-00</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Беркут М.В., Носов А.К. Десятилетний опыт радикальной цистэктомии в одном центре: ретроспективный анализ и онкологические результаты. Онкоурология 2024;20(4):[принято в печать DOI: https://doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2024-20-4-00-00</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferlay J., Ervik M., Lam F., et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferlay J., Ervik M., Lam F., et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lotan Y., Kamat A.M., Porter M.P., et al. Key concerns about the current state of bladder cancer: a position paper from the Bladder Cancer Think Tank, the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, and the Society of Urologic Oncology. Cancer 2009;115(18):4096–4103. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24463</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lotan Y., Kamat A.M., Porter M.P., et al. Key concerns about the current state of bladder cancer: a position paper from the Bladder Cancer Think Tank, the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, and the Society of Urologic Oncology. Cancer 2009;115(18):4096–4103. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24463</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беркут М.В., Артемьева А.С., Хохлова А.В. и соавт. Роль иммуногистохимического исследования при определении молекулярного подтипа рака мочевого пузыря. Успехи молекулярной онкологии 2024;11(4):102–113. https://doi.org/10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-4-102-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkut M.V., Artemyeva A.S., Khokhlova A.V., et al. The role of immunohistochemical analysis in determining the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. Advances in Molecular Oncology 2024;11(4):102–113 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17650/2313-805X-2024-11-4-102-113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беркут М.В., Имянитов Е.Н., Тюрин В.И. и соавт. Клиническая оценка значимости изменений в генах FGFR2/3 при уротелиальном раке: ретроспективный анализ. Вопросы онкологии 2024;70(4):685–695. https://doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2024-70-4-685-695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkut M.V., Imyanitov E.N., Tiurin V.I., et al. Clinical evaluation of the significance of FGFR2/3 genomic alterations in urothelial cancer: a retrospective analysis. Voprosy Onkologii = Problems in Oncology 2024;70(4):685–695. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2024-70-4-685-695</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scher H.I., Yagoda A., Herr H.W., et al. Neoadjuvant M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) effect on the primary bladder lesion. J Urol 1988;139(3):470–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42495-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scher H.I., Yagoda A., Herr H.W., et al. Neoadjuvant M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) effect on the primary bladder lesion. J Urol 1988;139(3):470–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42495-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narain T.A., Tosh J.M., Gautam G., et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for cisplatin ineligible muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: a review of available evidence. Urology 2021;154:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2021.03.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narain T.A., Tosh J.M., Gautam G., et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for cisplatin ineligible muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: a review of available evidence. Urology 2021;154:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2021.03.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussain S.A., Palmer D.H., Lloyd B., et al. A study of split-dose cisplatin-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2012;3(4):855–859. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2012.563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussain S.A., Palmer D.H., Lloyd B., et al. A study of split-dose cisplatin-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2012;3(4):855–859. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2012.563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nieuwenhuijzen J.A., Horenblas S., Meinhardt W., et al. Salvage cystectomy after failure of interstitial radiotherapy and external beam radiotherapy for bladder cancer. BJU Int 2004;94(6):793–797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05034.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieuwenhuijzen J.A., Horenblas S., Meinhardt W., et al. Salvage cystectomy after failure of interstitial radiotherapy and external beam radiotherapy for bladder cancer. BJU Int 2004;94(6):793–797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05034.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieretti A., Krasnow R., Drumm M., et al. Complications and outcomes of salvage cystectomy after trimodality therapy. J Urol 2021;206(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001696</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieretti A., Krasnow R., Drumm M., et al. Complications and outcomes of salvage cystectomy after trimodality therapy. J Urol 2021;206(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001696</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuettfort V.M., Pradere B., Quhal F., et al. Incidence and outcome of salvage cystectomy after bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol 2021;39(6):1757–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03436-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuettfort V.M., Pradere B., Quhal F., et al. Incidence and outcome of salvage cystectomy after bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol 2021;39(6):1757–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03436-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
